The Olmec Civilization Essays - Mesoamerica, Free Essays

The Olmec Civilization Essays - Mesoamerica, Free Essays The Olmec Civilization The Olmec were Mesoamerica's first civilization. They were located in Laguna de los Cerros, tres Zapotes, San Lorenzo, La Venta, and the Tuxtla Mountains, in Mexico. The purpose of this report is to show how the Olmec lived, their beliefs, and their spectacular art. The Olmec were a mother culture to later civilizations. The culture of the Olmec started in Mexico's Gulf Coast between 1200 and 1400 B.C , approximately between the Trojan war, and the golden age of Athens, and ended about 3000 years ago. The Olmec were among the first Americans to design ritual centres and raise earthen pyramids. On the pyramids there were statues which were strategically placed as a shrine. As the Olmec culture gradually developed some Olmec villages grew strong and powerful, while others were less fortunate. The villages shared their resources, such as rubber and basalt. The Olmec had different social ranks, from workers such as fishers, farmers, traders and specialists such as artisans and sculptors, to rulers. Rulers were individuals who had the power to float basalt down the river and to commission colossal statues and other public work. The Olmec farmed and ate corn. They also ate shellfish, fish, turtles, beans, deer, and dog. Perhaps the most spectacular trait of the Olmec were that they used hieroglyphs. They used hieroglyphs to record dates, events, and to tell stories. Although the Olmec were hard workers they still had time for a ceremonial ball game. The Olmec had many beliefs. Among these beliefs were chaneques which were dwarf trixters who lived in water falls. They also had their own beliefs in cosmology. The Olmec had natural shrines devoted to the hill on which the shrine was located and the water. The Olmec were believed to have a corn god. Jaguars were also worshipped religiously, perhaps because the jaguar was the most powerful predator. The Olmec believed that the jaguar brought rain. The men would sacrifice blood to the jaguar, wear masks, dance, and crack whips to imitate the sound of thunder. This ritual was done in May. The Olmec also made offerings of jade figures to the jaguar. The Olmec had early achievements in art. Perhaps the most incredible findings from the Olmec culture are the sculptures. The Olmec used wood, basalt and jade to make the statues. The wooden artifacts are said to be the oldest in Mesoamerica. The Olmec used basalt to make colossal heads. The size of these heads ranged from 5 feet to 11 feet tall. Some say the heads represent sacrificial offering. Others think they portray the elite Olmec ancestors. These heads have also been interpreted as being warriors or ball players. Basalt was also used to carve thrones. The Olmec used art to glorify rulers by making them monuments of super natural creatures to portray them such as part human, part beast. The beast was usually the jaguar. It is believed that these monuments were annihilated after the death of the leader. The figurines made of jade were small and sexless. Some of the more elaborate statues wore extensive headdress with a long train, and rectangular chest plates, sat cross-legged, leaned forward and looked straight ahead. In conclusion the Olmec, Mesoamerica's first civilization were a mother culture to other civilizations. They had many beliefs, and had early achievements in elaborate art. The article, "New light on the Olmec," was an interesting article but it was very repetitive. It is scarcely recommended.

York, the Slave Who Traveled With Lewis and Clark

York, the Slave Who Traveled With Lewis and Clark One member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition was not a volunteer, and according to the law at the time, he was the property of another member of the expedition. He was York, an African-American slave who belonged to William Clark, the expeditions co-leader. York was born in Virginia in about 1770, apparently to slaves who were owned by the family of William Clark. York and Clark were roughly the same age, and it seems likely they had known each other since childhood. In the Virginia society in which Clark grew up, it would not have been uncommon for a Caucasian boy to have a slave boy as a personal servant. And it appears that York fulfilled that role, and remained Clarks servant into adulthood. Another example of this situation would be that of Thomas Jefferson, who had a lifelong slave and body servant named Jupiter. While York was owned by Clarks family, and later Clark himself, it seems that he married and had a family before 1804, when he was compelled to leave Virginia with the Lewis and Clark Expedition. A Skilled Man on the Expedition On the expedition, York fulfilled a number of roles, and its apparent that he must have possessed considerable skills as a backwoodsman. He nursed Charles Floyd, the only member of the Corps of Discovery to have died on the expedition. So it seems York may have been knowledgeable in frontier herbal medicine. Some men on the expedition were designated as hunters, killing animals for the others to eat, and at times York functioned as a hunter, shooting game such as buffalo. So its obvious that he was entrusted with a musket, though back in Virginia a slave would not have been allowed to carry a weapon. In the expedition journals, there are mentions of York being a fascinating sight to the Native Americans, who had apparently never seen an African American before. Some Indians would paint themselves black before going into battle, and they were amazed by someone who was black by birth. Clark, in his journal, recorded instances of Indians inspecting York, and trying to scrub his skin to see if his blackness was natural. There are other instances in the journals of York performing for the Indians, at one point growling like a bear. The Arikara people were impressed by York and referred to him as the great medicine. Freedom for York? When the expedition reached the west coast, Lewis and Clark held a vote to decide where the men would stay for the winter. York was allowed to vote along with all the others, though the concept of a slave voting would have been preposterous back in Virginia. The incident of the vote has often been cited by admirers of Lewis and Clark, as well as some historians, as proof of the enlightened attitudes on the expedition. Yet when the expedition ended, York was still a slave. A tradition developed that Clark had freed York at the end of the expedition, but that is not accurate. Letters written by Clark to his brother after the expedition still refer to York being a slave, and it seems that he was not freed for many years. Clarks grandson, in a memoir, mentioned that York was Clarks servant as late as 1819, some 13 years after the expedition returned. William Clark, in his letters, complained about Yorks behavior, and it appears that he may have punished him by hiring him out to perform menial labor. At one point he was even considering selling York into slavery in the deep south, a much harsher form of slavery than that practiced in Kentucky or Virginia. Historians have noted that there are no documents establishing that York had ever been freed. Clark, however, in a conversation with the writer Washington Irving in 1832, did claim to have freed York. There is no clear record of what happened to York. Some accounts have him dead before 1830, but there are also stories of a black man, said to be York, living among Indians in the early 1830s. Portrayals of York When Meriwether Lewis listed the expedition participants, he wrote that York was, A black man by the name of York, servant to Capt. Clark. To Virginians at that time, servant would have been a common euphemism for slave. While Yorks status as a slave was taken for granted by the other participants in the Lewis and Clark Expedition, the view of York has changed over the course of future generations. In the early 20th century, at the time of the centennial of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, writers referred to York as a slave, but often incorporated the inaccurate narrative that he had been freed as a reward for his hard work during the expedition. Later in the 20th century, York was portrayed as a symbol of black pride. Statues of York have been erected, and he is perhaps one of the better known members of the Corps of Discovery, after Lewis, Clark, and Sacagawea, the Shoshone woman who accompanied the expedition.

Answer the 2 questions from document provided. About 17 and 18 century Essay

Answer the 2 questions from document provided. About 17 and 18 century english literature - Essay Example The earlier audiences were very specialized. Who, really, would care about referring to a cup from the Thespian well Either family or close friends of Sir George Sidney or people who knew what "Thespian" meant. Likewise, in Virtue, the ordinary person can understand what the poet meant by the whole world turning to coal. A hundred years later more of the potential audience "got it." The reason that Gulliver's travels was so popular was that more people saw it as satire and not a clumsy fairy tale. The author refers to Care and Vigilance, somehow used in order to protect one's belongings from thieves. This would probably mean something to an audience in 1726 than it might have meant a century earlier. Jane Austin also developed women readers who may never have heard of Ben Jonson. The thematic change between these two centuries can also quite simplistically, be related to the boutique and department store analogies. While the early poets and writers had a limited audience (with boutique audiences looking for something fine and special) the next century produced more of a mass-product that appealed to a larger audience. John Donne's "Mistress Going to Bed" is, to use a rather unflattering word, "precious." In the middle of the Seventeenth century, thematic change can be seen in Milton, who on the other hand, creates a wide and fundamentally moral canvas with a nation that survived the rift between the new Angli

Dippin Dots Managing Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dippin Dots Managing Strategy - Case Study Example The people prefer to have low-fat products that have the taste and the texture of the full fat ice cream. The primary target audience for any player in the ice cream industry is children and youths of a county. The scenario is similar in the US. Technological development has a significant bearing on any product. The technology used for the manufacturing of the ice cream was cryogenic that was used in the process of freezing which is quite unique within the ice cream industry. Low temperature is required to store the product in order to uphold the consistency and integrity of the product. The climatic condition of a country can have a bearing on the sale of the ice cream. In the US winter there is severe cold throughout the country, thus this can have a bearing on the ice cream sale. The United States Department of Agriculture along with the Kentucky Milk Advisory Panel has been entrusted to inspect the Dippin’ Dots plant in Paducah, Kentucky in order to ensure that the company is maintaining a high-quality standard. The threat of entry has been very high for the companies that operate in this market. Many new competitors have entered the market producing a similar kind of products. Due to less involvement of government, the threat of entry has been high. There have been several competitors of the Dippin’ Dots in the out-of-home ice cream market. The chief competitors are Ben & Jerry’s, Haagen-Dazs, Carvel, Baskin-Robbins and Dairy Queen; and the new entrants like Cold Stone Creamery, Magie Moo’s and Marble Slab Creamery (Prata, 2006). The overall suppliers in the ice cream industry encompass limited power if there are large numbers of competitors. Bargaining power of suppliers in the case of the industry in which Dippin’ Dots operate is low, as there is a large number of suppliers who can provide almost similar kind of products to the  buyers.

Ethical Decision Making by Individuals Essay Example for Free

Ethical Decision Making by Individuals Essay Existing theoretical models of individual ethical decision making in organizations place little or no emphasis on characteristics of the ethical issue itself. This article (a) proposes an issue-contingent model containing a new set of variables called moral intensity: (b) using concepts, theory, and evidence derived largely from social psychology, argues that moral intensity influences every component of moral decision making and behavior: (c) offers four research propositions, and (d) discusses implications of the theory. Conclusions and Implications Existing theoretical models have ignored the effect of characteristics of the moral issue itself on ethical decision making and behavior in organizations. Taken at face value, these models suggest that individuals will decide and behave in the same manner regardless of the nature of the moral issue involved. An employee of a drug manufacturer would view the release of a dangerous drug by his or her firm with the same alarm (or lack of alarm) that he or she viewed the theft of a few diskettes from the company supply cabinet by a fellow employee. The issue-contingent model proposed here explicitly rejects this view and suggests that the moral intensity of the issue itself has a significant effect on moral decision making and behavior at all stages of the process. If this model is found to have empirical support, the testing of other models would be significantly affected. Controlling for issue traits would become an integral part of a meaningful test of Trevinos (1986) person-situation interactionist model, for example; the relative importance of personal factors and situational factors might vary considerably, from issue to issue. Similarly, issue charucteristics could alter the balance of teleological and deontological considerations in the moral evaluation stage of Hunt and Vitells (1986) general theory model of marketing ethics. Perhaps the most important potential impact of an empirical finding that ethical decision making and behavior are issue contingent involves the applicability of the models themselves. Moral intensity is expected to play a major role in the recognition of moral issues and, hence, in the actual engagement of moral decision-making processes instead of, or in addition to, other decision-making schemata. Simply stated, the details of moral decision-making and behavior processes become irrelevant if the person does not recognize that he or she is dealing with a moral issue. Future models of ethical decision making should include some consideration of the effect of the moral agents failure to recognize the moral issue. Moral intensity is also relevant to the general applicability of Kohlbergs (1976) theory of cognitive moral development. If moral development is issue contingent, as this article and some emerging empirical evidence suggest, then Kohlbergs theory would have to be substantially revised, and much of the research based on it would have to be reappraised. Future research based on his developmental theory would have to control for traits of the moral issues involved. From a practical point of view, issue contingency is important to normative judgments of moral decisions and of the people who make them. Many of the elements of moral intensity (magnitude of consequences, probability of effect, temporal immediacy, and concentration of effect) are directly related to judgments of the importance of moral issues. If these elements of moral intensity are found to be positively linked to moral behavior, it can be concluded that people generally behave better when the moral issue is important than they do when it is unimportant. Regardless of a persons views regarding the overall moral tenor of society or its alleged decline in recent years, he or she could easily be encouraged by the finding that peoples best moral behavior is inspired by issues of substantial importance.

South Beach Diet Essay -- Health, Diet

History of South Beach Diet The South Beach Diet is a diet plan designed by cardiologist Arthur Agatston and dietician Marie Almon. In 1995, Dr. Agatston developed a diet to prevent heart disease for his cardiac and diabetes patients. According to the South Beach Diet website, Agatstaion knew that a low-fat diet would reduce cholesterol and prevent heart disease, but patients had a hard time sticking to the diet. Agatson wanted to find out the reason why his patients had a hard time sticking to the low-fat diet. So he turned to David Jenkins, who was working with insulin resistance. After researching with Jenkins, Agatstion found out the reason why the low-fat diets was not working because patients on low-fat diets where consuming more simple sugars and carbohydrates which was causing the insulin resistance and cycles of hunger. Also Agastaion was investigating the low-carbohydrate diet but he felt it didn’t have enough fiber and had too much saturated fats. Agagaston wanted balance in his diet so it wou ld produce the best results. (South Beach Diet Online, 2010) Agatstion made the The South beach Diet based on eating healthy carbohydrates and fats and eliminating the bad carbohydrates and fats. According to Mary Hager in her article â€Å"The South Beach Solution†, the South Beach beach diet cuts out the bad fats which are the saturated fats that include hydrogenated oils and trans fat. Also it cuts down the bad carbohydrates, the refined and process foods. Hager states â€Å"His plan emphasizes eating the good fats--olive and canola oils--and good carbs, including vegetables, legumes and whole grains.†(Hager,2004,p.63) After Agatston developed the South diet based on these principles, he started to do assessments on his patients who... ...on how to follow Phase 1 (the first two weeks) and Phase 2 (the next ten weeks) of the South Beach Diet, eating three meals and two snacks per day.† The results of the research showed that after Phase 1, the participants descrease weight, body percentage, and waist circumference. The results by the participants blood tests and the researchers concluded that the South Beach Diet helped the participants with their loss of weight and body fat. Evaluate the Nutritional Adequacy of the Diet South beach Diet during the first phase is not a well balance diet. Phase 1 focuses on mainly the meat, vegetable, diary, and oil food groups; leaving out the grains and fruit group. In order to well balance diet you need to have all the groups incoraprated into the diet. After Phase 2 the diet is less restricted and is more balanced because it incorporates all the food groups. South Beach Diet Essay -- Health, Diet History of South Beach Diet The South Beach Diet is a diet plan designed by cardiologist Arthur Agatston and dietician Marie Almon. In 1995, Dr. Agatston developed a diet to prevent heart disease for his cardiac and diabetes patients. According to the South Beach Diet website, Agatstaion knew that a low-fat diet would reduce cholesterol and prevent heart disease, but patients had a hard time sticking to the diet. Agatson wanted to find out the reason why his patients had a hard time sticking to the low-fat diet. So he turned to David Jenkins, who was working with insulin resistance. After researching with Jenkins, Agatstion found out the reason why the low-fat diets was not working because patients on low-fat diets where consuming more simple sugars and carbohydrates which was causing the insulin resistance and cycles of hunger. Also Agastaion was investigating the low-carbohydrate diet but he felt it didn’t have enough fiber and had too much saturated fats. Agagaston wanted balance in his diet so it wou ld produce the best results. (South Beach Diet Online, 2010) Agatstion made the The South beach Diet based on eating healthy carbohydrates and fats and eliminating the bad carbohydrates and fats. According to Mary Hager in her article â€Å"The South Beach Solution†, the South Beach beach diet cuts out the bad fats which are the saturated fats that include hydrogenated oils and trans fat. Also it cuts down the bad carbohydrates, the refined and process foods. Hager states â€Å"His plan emphasizes eating the good fats--olive and canola oils--and good carbs, including vegetables, legumes and whole grains.†(Hager,2004,p.63) After Agatston developed the South diet based on these principles, he started to do assessments on his patients who... ...on how to follow Phase 1 (the first two weeks) and Phase 2 (the next ten weeks) of the South Beach Diet, eating three meals and two snacks per day.† The results of the research showed that after Phase 1, the participants descrease weight, body percentage, and waist circumference. The results by the participants blood tests and the researchers concluded that the South Beach Diet helped the participants with their loss of weight and body fat. Evaluate the Nutritional Adequacy of the Diet South beach Diet during the first phase is not a well balance diet. Phase 1 focuses on mainly the meat, vegetable, diary, and oil food groups; leaving out the grains and fruit group. In order to well balance diet you need to have all the groups incoraprated into the diet. After Phase 2 the diet is less restricted and is more balanced because it incorporates all the food groups.

Bell Rock Lighthouse: Signal and Guide to Fishermen and Travelers

I’ve always been interested with lighthouses even before I watched this documentary film that’s why it wasn’t hard or boring for me. I’ve always wanted to go to a lighthouse and see how it flashes lights towards the sea. It’s amazing how it saves many lives of people and even animals that live underwater. I find it wonderful learning how to build a lighthouse, well, technically. This Bell Rock lighthouse was built in a rock, a very dangerous rock according to people who came across it. The man behind this rock, Robert Stevenson, built this rock between 1807 and 1810. And it’s amazing that this certain lighthouse still stand even to this day! Awesome, indeed! The history of Bell Rock was amusing and interesting as well in my opinion. How many ship wrecks had happened there before, I had no idea. Robert Stevenson, a man full of dreams, wanted to pursue building a lighthouse on Bell Rock. Although many people were against his plan, he stayed determined and thought of many ideas how to build a lighthouse without the waves crashing the base. That was one of the disadvantages since the lighthouse will be built in the sea. He based his idea to some already built lighthouses and hired almost sixty men to work on this project. They went to the sea, with a steady ship floating not so far away from the rock, they went with the ships to the rock and started digging for the base of the lighthouse. One thing I noticed about this story, the laborers were all religious men. They pray before and after working which is very admirable. The going back and forth routine has been a disadvantage to Stevenson as he were already behind time working with the base of the lighthouse. He decided, together with his men, to build a beacon in the rock which they can stay to. They started with the beacon not long. The question would be how long will it stay standing? Storms can sweep away the beacon and they were still behind schedule. Fortunately, there weren’t any super storms during the days they put the pieces one by one. The workers stayed loyal to Stevenson as he instructs them to do so. Of course, more dilemmas had befallen to Stevenson as his workers didn’t want to work during the Sabbath days. Some of them had lost faith to him and that made Stevenson’s task harder. They believed that doing work on a Sabbath is against God. It’s disrespectful and disloyalty. They continued working for him though despite the lack of faith. Another dilemma came, two of the men died (not consecutively) while working. Their bodies weren’t found at all. It diminished the worker’s self-esteem as they work with the lighthouse in the Bell Rock while still staying in the beacon. After all the difficulties relating to the building of the lighthouse in Bell Rock, they finished after three years with pure diligence and teamwork and of course, faith to God. However, Robert Stevenson, the man behind this magnificent project, had continued facing problems which seemed to be beyond his limit. Unfortunately, his twin and a daughter had died of whooping cough. That was the sad part here. If I were in his shoes, I’d probably die of depression. That was tough. But Stevenson was a tough man from the start. Even though he had a huge loss on his part, he still continued with the Bell Rock Lighthouse project. His work became his only focus. And after they finished it, it’s as if they have produced a work of nature. Something deeper in the lighthouse has touched many people’s lives. It was also considered as a tourist spot. Kudos to Stevenson for it! On the other hand, John Rennie, whom Stevenson had asked opinions about before, ranted that Stevenson didn’t deserve his popularity since he was the one who suggested about the curve base of the lighthouse which wasn’t true at all since Stevenson was there all the time and he based it through another’s work. A lighthouse serves as a signal, a guide to all the fishermen and to all the travelers using the sea as their way of commuting. It serves as guidance for everyone who wants to go home and take the right path. Same for what happened to Stevenson and what he had went through by building this lighthouse on a risky rock.

Effect And Management Of Stroke Health And Social Care Essay

A shot, antecedently known medically as a cerebrovascular accident ( CVA ) , is the quickly underdeveloped loss of encephalon map ( s ) due to disturbance in the blood supply to the encephalon. This can be due to ischemia ( deficiency of blood flow ) caused by obstruction ( thrombosis, arterial intercalation ) , or a bleeding ( escape of blood ) .As a consequence, the affected country of the encephalon is unable to map, taking to inability to travel one or more limbs on one side of the organic structure, inability to understand or explicate address, or an inability to see one side of the ocular field. A shot is a medical exigency and can do lasting neurological harm, complications, and even decease. . A shot is on occasion treated in a infirmary with thrombolysis ( besides known as a â€Å" coagulum fellow † ) . Post-stroke bar may affect the disposal of antiplatelet drugs such as acetylsalicylic acid and dipyridamole control and decrease of high blood pressure, the usage of lipid-lowering medicines, and in selected patients with carotid endarterectomy, the usage of decoagulants. Treatment to retrieve any lost map is stroke rehabilitation, affecting wellness professions such as address and linguistic communication therapy, physical therapy and occupational therapy. Definition The traditional definition of shot, devised by the World Health Organization in the 1970s, is a â€Å" neurological shortage of cerebrovascular cause that persists beyond 24 hours or is interrupted by decease within 24 hours † . Epidemiology Stroke could shortly be the most common cause of decease worldwide.It affects about 700,000 persons each twelvemonth ; about 500,000 are new shots and 200,000 are perennial strokes.The incidence of shot additions exponentially from 30 old ages of age, and etiology varies by age. 95 % of shots occur in people age 45 and older, and two-thirds of shots occur in those over the age of 65 old ages. A individual ‘s hazard of deceasing if he or she does hold a shot besides increases with age. However, stroke can happen at any age, including in foetuss. Family members may hold a familial inclination for shot or portion a life style that contributes to stroke. Higher degrees of Von Willebrand factor are more common amongst people who have had ischaemic shot for the first clip, the lone important familial factor was the individual ‘s blood type. Work forces are 25 % more likely to endure shots than adult females, yet 60 % of deceases from shot occur in women.Some hazard factors for shot apply merely to adult females. Primary among these are gestation, childbearing, climacteric and the intervention thereof ( HRT ) . The prevalence of shot, WHO estimated that in 1990, out of 9.4 million deceases an India 6,19,000 were due to stroke.EtiologyNarrowing or complete closing of the vass providing the encephalon by thrombosis or intercalation. Arteritis Collagen vascular diseases-SLE, Polyarteritis Nodosa Bleeding Vertical compaction Arterial crampThrombotic shot:In thrombotic stroke a thrombus ( blood coagulum ) normally forms around atherosclerotic plaques. A thrombus itself ( even if non-occluding ) can take to an embolic shot, if the thrombus breaks off, at which point it is called an â€Å" embolus. †Embolic strokeAn embolic shot refers to the obstruction of an arteria by an arterial embolus, a travelling atom or dust in the arterial blood stream arising from elsewhere. An embolus is most often a thrombus, but it can besides be a figure of other substances including fat ( e.g. from bone marrow in a broken bone ) , air, malignant neoplastic disease cells or bunchs of bacteriums ( normally from infective endocarditis ) .Venous thrombosisCerebral venous fistula thrombosis leads to stroke due to locally increased venous force per unit area, which exceeds the force per unit area generated by the arterias. Infarcts are more likely to undergo haemorrhagic transmutation ( leaking of blood into the damaged cou ntry ) than other types of ischaemic shot.Intracerebral bleedingIt by and large occurs in little arterias or arteriolas and is normally due to high blood pressure, intracranial vascular deformities ( including cavernous angiomas or arteriovenous deformities ) , intellectual amyloid angiopathy, or infarcts into which secondary bleeding has Occurred.Other possible causes are trauma, shed blooding upsets, starchlike angiopathy, illicit drug usage ( e.g. pep pills or cocaine ) .Types of StrokeStrokes can be classified into two major classs: ischaemic and hemorrhagic. Ischemic shots are those that are caused by break of the blood supply. Hemorrhagic shots are the 1s which result from rupture of a blood vas or an unnatural vascular construction. About 87 % of shots are caused by ischaemia, and the balance by bleeding. Some bleedings develop inside countries of ischaemia ( â€Å" haemorrhagic transmutation † Ischemic Stroke In an ischaemic shot, blood supply to portion of the encephalon is decreased, taking to disfunction of the encephalon tissue in that country. There are four grounds why this might go on: Thrombosis ( obstructor of a blood vas by a blood coagulum organizing locally ) . Embolism ( obstructor due to an embolus from elsewhere in the organic structure ) . Systemic hypoperfusion ( general lessening in blood supply, e.g. in daze ) . Venous thrombosis. Stroke without an obvious account is termed â€Å" cryptogenic † ( of unknown beginning ) ; this constitutes 30-40 % of all ischaemic shots.Haemorrhagic StrokeIntracranial bleeding is the accretion of blood anyplace within the skull vault. A differentiation is made between intra-axial bleeding ( blood inside the encephalon ) and extra-axial bleeding ( blood inside the skull but outside the encephalon ) . Intra-axial bleeding is due to intraparenchymal bleeding or intraventricular bleeding ( blood in the ventricular system ) . The chief types of extra-axial bleeding are extradural haematoma ( shed blooding between the dura mater and the skull ) , subdural haematoma ( in the subdural infinite ) and subarachnoid bleeding ( between the arachnidian mater and Indian arrowroot mater ) . Most of the haemorrhagic shot syndromes have specific symptoms ( e.g. concern, old caput hurt ) . Signs and symptoms Common Signs of a Stroke: Numbness or failing of the face, arm, or leg, particularly on one side of your organic structure. Trouble seeing in one or both eyes. Trouble walking, giddiness, loss of balance or coordination. Confusion or problem speech production or understanding address. Severe concern with no known cause. Symptoms may include: Stroke symptoms typically start all of a sudden, over seconds to proceedingss, and in most instances do non come on farther. The symptoms depend on the country of the encephalon affected. The more extended the country of encephalon affected, the more maps that are likely to be lost. Most signifiers of shot are non associated with concern, apart from subarachnoid bleeding and intellectual venous thrombosis and on occasion intracerebral bleeding. Simple Test for the Presence of Stroke: If the patient is witting, have him/her stick their lingua out and bespeak them to travel it from left to compensate. If they can non execute this simple undertaking opportunities are they are holding a shot. Hand Grasps: Have the patient catch your custodies and squeezing. Marked difference in the strength between left and right denotes possible shot. The weaker side is the side the shot is happening on. Mouth Droop: If you notice a unquestionably downward sag on either side of the oral cavity besides can be a mark of a cerebrovascular accident is go oning. A simple failing may come on to an inability to travel the arm and leg on one side of the organic structure.Stroke Warning Signs:Harmonizing to ; The American Stroke Association the warning marks of shot are: Sudden numbness or failing of the face, arm or leg, particularly on one side of the organic structure. Sudden confusion, problem speech production or apprehension. Sudden problem seeing in one or both eyes. Sudden problem walking, giddiness, loss of balance or co-ordination. Sudden, terrible concern with no known cause.Pathophysiology:Break of Blood Flow for few proceedingssa† Ã¢â‚¬Å"Complete intellectual circulatory apprehension ( Ischaemia )a† Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ischaemic cascade – a figure of damaging but reversible eventsa† Ã¢â‚¬Å"Perturbation of Energy Metabolism due to let go of of extra Neurotransmitters ( glutamate, aspartate )a† Ã¢â‚¬Å"Inability of encephalon cells to bring forth energya† Ã¢â‚¬Å"Increased Ca inflowACa+ Intracellular phospholipid Stimulates release of azotic oxide & A ; cryptokines signifiers Free groups Damages the encephalon cells furtherHazard factorsModifiable hazard factors High blood force per unit area and atrial fibrillation. High blood cholesterin degrees Diabetess Cigarette smoke ( active and inactive ) Heavy intoxicant ingestion and drug usage Lack of physical activity Fleshiness Unhealthy diet. Oral preventives Transeunt Ischemic AttacksNon-Modifiable hazard factorsAge Race Gender Family History of StrokeDamages and functional disablement due to strokeDisability affects 75 % of shot subsisters plenty to diminish their employability. Stroke can impact patients physically, mentally, emotionally, or a combination of the three disfunctions correspond to countries in the encephalon that have been damaged. Physical disablements that can ensue from shot include: Muscle failing, Numbness, Pressure sores, Pneumonia, Incontinence, Apraxia ( inability to execute erudite motions ) , troubles transporting out day-to-day activities, Appetite loss, Speech loss, vision loss, Pain. If the shot is terrible plenty, or in a certain location such as parts of the brain-stem, coma or decease can ensue. Emotional jobs ensuing from shot can ensue from direct harm to emotional centres in the encephalon or from defeat and trouble accommodating to new restrictions. Post-stroke emotional troubles include anxiousness, panic onslaughts, level affect ( failure to show emotions ) , mania, apathy, and psychosis. Cognitive shortages ensuing from shot include perceptual upsets, address jobs, dementedness, and jobs with attending and memory. A shot sick person may be unaware of his or her ain disablements, a status called anosognosia. In a status called hemispatial disregard, a patient is unable to go to to anything on the side of infinite antonym to the damaged hemisphere. Complications: Inability to take part in activities of day-to-day life Pain Recurrent shots. Emotional troublesConsequence of shot on arm and manus mapStroke is the figure one cause of neurological disablement in many states. About 85 % of patients admitted to hospital for shot present with jobs with their weaponries and custodies. Stroke-related physical damages such as musculus failing, hurting, and spasticity can take to a decrease in the ability to utilize the stroke-affected arm and manus in day-to-day activities. In fact, the turning away of utilizing one ‘s stroke-affected arm is so common, that there is even a name for it â€Å" learned non-use syndrome † . Unfortunately, non utilizing the stroke-affected arm can take to a farther loss in strength, scope of gesture, and all right motor accomplishments. These can so ensue in contractures, hurting and terrible bone loss ( osteoporosis ) .ManagementMedical direction:Understating residuary defects Hypovolaemic haemodilution Anticoagulants Antiplatelet therapy Antihypertensive drugsPhysiotherapy Management:Passive mobilisation Passive neuromuscular facilitation Constraint induced motion therapy Balance preparation Bobath therapy

Esophageal Cancer Paper

Esophageal Cancer Paper Esophageal Cancer Paper Esophageal Cancer Esophageal Cancer Angelina Poindexter Phoenix University Esophageal Cancer The esophagus main purpose is to control the passage of food to the stomach, but painful and/or difficulty swallowing makes it hard for food to pass through (dysphagia). Cancer of the esophagus is presented as a malignant tumor arising from the tissue of the esophagus and is known as one of the leading causes of cancer deaths. There are two main types of esophageal cancer and are named according to the area where the cancer starts. Cancer of the esophagus is more than like to happen for males 60 years of age or older, but can happen at any age if tobacco and alcohol use is present. Other risk factors are poor diet (lacking fruits and vegetables), obesity, and have other esophageal diseases such as Barrett’s esophagus or acid reflux disease. Barrett’s, is a serious complication of GERD (Gastroesophageal reflux disease) where normal tissue lining the esophagus changes to that of the intestine. A small percentage of patients with GERD develop Barrett†™s esophagus after having GERD symptoms for a long period of time. In most cases this disease is fatal, due in part to the symptoms from it. As the cancer grows, it narrows the esophageal lumen leading to the symptoms of dysphagia, hoarse voice, vomiting, bad breathe, and sour taste in mouth. Loss of weight normally follows with the vomiting and painful swallowing, causes the person not to eat much. Once diagnosed, many thoughts will go through your mind, but it is best to seek a second opinion about your diagnosis and the method of choice planned to fight the disease. I have not personally had this disease, but have had to go through the many stages that come with fighting it with my dad. My dad was diagnosed with Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus on my birthday (6/12/2007). My step-mother and father had a second opinion done in a matter of days and chose a very aggressive action plan due to the fact his cancer was in stage three. Over the course of four months, he had chemoradiation therapy in large doses, then surgery to remove all of his esophagus and a portion of his stomach. The battle was hard on his body, he quit smoking without any outside help and began the treatments. He lost well over 100 pounds within that time, had several hospitalizations due to breathing and heart problems brought on by the chemo. Towards the end of October, he was to have surgery, but could not due to a clot in his brain that caused a mild stroke. The surgery was done early part of November in 2007. He has been cancer free since

Top 10 Womens Health Issues and Causes of Death

Top 10 Women's Health Issues and Causes of Death When it comes to womens health, what are the top 10 womens health issues you should be concerned about? According to a 2004 report by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, the conditions described below are the top 10 leading causes of death in females. The good news is that many are preventable. Click on the headings to learn how to reduce your risk: 27.2% of deathsThe Womens Heart Foundation reports that 8.6 million women worldwide die from heart disease each year, and that 8 million women in the U.S. are living with heart disease. Of those women who have heart attacks, 42% die within a year. When a woman under 50 has a heart attack, its twice as likely to be fatal as a heart attack in a man under 50. Almost two-thirds of heart attack deaths occur in women with no prior history of chest pain. In 2005, the American Heart Association reported 213,600 deaths in women from coronary heart disease.22.0% of deathsAccording to the American Cancer Society, in 2009 an estimated 269,800 women will die of cancer. The leading causes of cancer deaths in women are lung (26%), breast (15%), and colorectal cancer(9%).7.5% of deathsOFten thought of as a mans disease, stroke kills more women than men each year. Worldwide, three million women die from stroke annually. In the U.S. in 2005, 87,000 women died of stroke as compared to 56,600 men. For w omen, age matters when it comes to risk factors. Once a woman reaches 45, her risk climbs steadily until at 65, it equal that of men. Although women arent as likely to suffer from strokes as men in the middle years, theyre more likely to be fatal if one occurs. 5.2% of deathsCollectively, several respiratory illnesses that occur in the lower lungs all fall under the term chronic lower respiratory disease: chronic obstructed pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. Typically, about 80% of these diseases are due to cigarette smoking. COPD is of particular concern to women since the disease manifests differently in females than males; symptoms, risk factors, progression and diagnosis all exhibit gender differences. In recent years, more women have been dying from COPD than men.3.9% of deathsSeveral studies involving European and Asian populations have indicated that women have a much higher risk of Alzheimers than men. This may be due to the female hormone estrogen, which has properties that protect against the memory loss that accompanies aging. When a woman reaches menopause, reduced levels of estrogen may play a role in her increased risk of developing Alzheimers.3.3% of deathsUnder unintentional injuries are six major c auses of death: falling, poisoning, suffocation, drowning, fire/burns and motor vehicle crashes. While falls are of significant concern to women who are frequently diagnosed with osteoporosis in their later years, another health threat is on the rise accidental poisoning. According to the Center for Injury Research and Policy at Johns Hopkins, in a six-year study between 1999 and 2005, the rate of poisoning deaths in white women age 45-64 increased 230% as compared to the 137% increase experienced by white men in the same age. Diabetes3.1% of deathsWith 9.7 million women in the U.S. suffering from diabetes, the American Diabetes Association notes that women have unique health concerns because pregnancy can often bring about gestational diabetes. Diabetes during pregnancy can lead to possible miscarriages or birth defects. Women who develop gestational diabetes are also more likely to develop Type 2 diabetes later in life. Among African American, Native American, Asian American women and Hispanic women/Latinas, the prevalence of diabetes is two to four times higher than among white women.and2.7% of deathsPublic awareness of the dangers of influenza has spiked due to the H1N1 virus, yet influenza and pneumonia have posed ongoing threats to elderly women and those whose immune systems are compromised. Pregnant women are especially vulnerable to influenzas such as H1N1 and pneumonia.1.8% of deathsAlthough the average woman is less likely to suffer from chronic kidney disease than a man, if a woman is diabetic , her chance of developing kidney disease increases and puts her equally at risk. Menopause also plays a role. Kidney disease occurs infrequently in premenopausal women. Researchers believe that estrogen provides protection against kidney disease, but once a woman reaches menopause, that protection is diminished. Researchers at Georgetown Universitys Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease have found that sex hormones appear to affect non-reproductive organs such as the kidney. They note that in women, the absence of the hormone testosterone leads to a more rapid progression of kidney disease when they are diabetic. 1.5% of deathsThe medical term for blood poisoning, septicemia is a serious illness that can rapidly turn into a life-threatening condition. Septicemia made headlines in January 2009 when Brazilian model and Miss World pageant finalist Mariana Bridi da Costa died from the disease after a urinary tract infection progressed to septicemia. Sources:Deaths From Unintentional Injuries Increase For Many Groups. ScienceDaily.com. 3 September 2009.Estimated New Cancer Cases and Deaths by Sex, United States, 2009. American Cancer Society, caonline.amcancersoc.org. Retrieved 11 September 2009.Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics - 2009 Update at a Glance. American Heart Association, americanheart.org. Retrieved 11 September 2009.Leading Causes of Death in Females, United States 2004. CDC Office of Womens Health, CDC.gov. 10 September 2007.Women and Diabetes. American Diabetes Association, diabetes.org. Retrieved 11 September 2009.Women and Heart Disease Facts. Womens Heart Foundation, womensheart.org. Retrieved 10 September 2009.Women More Likely To Suffer Kidney Disease If Diabetic. MedicalNewsToday.com. 12 August 2007.

Response Paper for Deloria's chapter,"Patriotic Indians and Essay

Response Paper for Deloria's chapter,"Patriotic Indians and Identities of Revolution" - Essay Example The chapter delves deeply into various incidences, events and practices that have centralized Indian culture at the heart of American people. Symbolism plays a critical role in every aspect of Indian culture that the author gives credence to for serving the purpose of uniting Americans. Indian culture plays a significant role in the formation of American culture as it is seen as the unifying factor. In this chapter, the author has continued to advance the thesis of the book, which essentially is â€Å"striving to the Indian-like.† Whites in the United States have been depicted as having embraced the Indian culture and made significant effort to look like Native Indians. Deloria takes his readers back to the historic times when the famous Boston Tea Party served as the turning point of America’s journey to independence. The author notes that Americans often disguised themselves as Indians whenever there was a need to express dissatisfaction. The author points out in this chapter that crowds would don in Indian style before demonstrating their dissatisfaction of the political and economic scenarios. For instance, the revolutionaries disguised themselves as Indians and dumped all the tea into the Boston harbor. The disguise was not intended to lay blame on the Indians or complicate the matter over to them (Deloria 34), but a demonstration of unity. The Indian dress s omehow served as uniting symbol for them. The author also suggests that the donning of Indian garb served to lay the first foundation of patriotism. He shows that though oblivious of the role it would serve, the donning of the Indian garb to protest against the British served to lay the foundation of independence. The white Americans from them onwards protested against laws that were demeaning. With such foundation laid, other similar foundations geared towards liberation later followed. The Tammany Society was formed in the aftermath of the Boston Tea Party. The society